%0 Thesis
%9 Bachelor
%A Vellema, Célianne
%D 2022
%F theses_frw:3770
%P 48
%T The Implementation of Characteristics of Transformative Adaptation into  Spatial Planning to Decrease Pluvial Flood Risks – A Comparative Study
%U https://frw.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/3770/
%X Due to increasing frequencies of extreme rainfall events and impermeable surfaces in urban   environments, cities must deal with increasing pluvial flood risks (IPCC, 2021; Skougaard Kaspersen et   al., 2017). In response, London, Rotterdam and Antwerp drew up policies and adjusted the living   environment to decrease the risks. It is researched to what extent characteristics of adaptive   management and transformative adaptation have been implemented in the domain of spatial   planning in these cities. Based on a policy analysis, an assessment of spatial designs and a literature   review, results show that elements of adaptive management have been implemented to a larger   extent than aspects of transformative adaptation.  Rotterdam has a communicative and innovative approach. Weaknesses are related to finances.   Antwerp implemented the most characteristics compared to the other cities, but the fragmented   governance structure is challenging.  London has a multi-sectoral approach and focusses on monitoring and evaluating of processes and   spatial projects. The attractiveness of the spatial designs can be improved.  Based on the results, lessons are drawn, and policy recommendations are formulated.