@unpublished{theses_frw3900,
          author = {Fien V. Kremer},
           title = {Waterfront redevelopment and inclusion: a case study of Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es},
            year = {2022},
             url = {https://frw.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/3900/},
        abstract = {Shrinking (Western) ports leave many port cities with large-scale urban areas with potential for redevelopment. The research examines the extent to which the design of redeveloped waterfront areas, structured by neo-liberalism, consumerism, and tourism principles, create exclusionary processes. The following central question is posed ?How can spatial functions and (re-)design in the redevelopment area of Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es in Lisbon, Portugal, contribute to a waterfront area that is accessible and can be used, also for jobs, for all income groups, especially those from Olivais??. Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es, in Lisbon, Portugal, is used as a case study. The study applies quantitative methods to test differences in the intensity of usage of the area, by different income groups. Street surveys have been distributed amongst residents of Olivais, an adjacent neighborhood, and waterfront users. It is found that income cannot predict the intensity of usage of Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es, including the (direct) waterfront. Yet, usage of private space can predict the intensity of usage of the direct waterfront at Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es. Olivais residents are generally positive about Parque das Na{\c c}{\~o}es, except for the employment aspect. The study concludes that these restructuring principles do not create exclusive waterfronts per se. Nonetheless, port cities should carefully integrate the job market of these areas into their spatial economic fabric.}
}